Professor Yuri Grigoriev passed away on the 6th of April 2021
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/in-memoriam-professor-yuri-grigoriev/
EHS

EMFSA: It is interesting to see Electrohypersensitivity mentioned in an article about tourism. For many EHS individuals, flying for instance is very problematic, as is trying to find a holiday location with low EMF exposure.

•Stankov U, Gretzel U. Digital well-being in the tourism domain: mapping new roles and responsibilities Information Technology & Tourism. 2021 Mar:1-13.
Extract: This paper looks at understanding digital well-being in general and its concomitant applications in the tourism domain.
No longer able to ignore the potential negative effects, the tourism industry has started to respond to the problem with its own digital well-being initiatives. However, most of the impetus still comes from consumers. Technology use on vacation clashes with emerging lifestyles, beliefs, value systems, specific health needs and areas of consumer activism focused on different aspects of well-being, such as digital minimalism, slow technology initiatives, technology restrictions based on religious beliefs (e.g. travelers following Shabbat laws) or health issues (e.g., electromagnetic hypersensitivity).
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40558-021-00197-3

•The report of the Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields for the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority was published on the 28th of April.
In regards to EHS: The studies published in 2019 support that RF exposure does not change the concentration of biomarkers in human beings with symptoms attributed to electro hypersensitivity. However, the sample sizes of the studies were small, thereby limiting the statistical power to show absence of a risk with satisfactory certainty.
https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/2021-08

EHS workshop at BioEM2021: Sensitivity to EMF: The Present and The Future
https://betweenrockandhardplace.wordpress.com/2021/04/30/ehs-workshop-at-bioem2021-sensitivity-to-emf-the-present-and-the-future/
Geneva Cantonal Law Repealed

In the judgment passed on April 15, the constitutional chamber in Geneva justified its decision as regards to violations of federal law.
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/geneva-5g-moratorium-cantonal-law-repealed/
Occupational Health

Photo by JAFAR AHMED on Unsplash

•Gupta A, Chennatt JJ, Singla T, Barabari GS. The Surgeon and the Smartphone – is the Association Really Smart? Hellenike cheirourgike. Acta Chirurgica Hellenica. 2020 ;92(5):177-181. DOI: 10.1007/s13126-020-0571-6.
In this literature review the authors look at the importance of integrating smartphones in the life of a surgeon especially in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the progression of technology, telesurgery, remote pre and postoperative care, smartphone-assisted intraoperative navigation and transcontinental education can be made a reality. Nonetheless, rates of nosocomial infections have been raised and the increased use of a smartphone can compound this issue. Similarly, there is a greater potential for operator distraction, medical equipment interference and increased radiation exposure for the user. All the above create a new set of problems for the surgeon.
The authors: “Current knowledge shows that there is ample justification to warn the general public that having a cell phone in close proximity is harmful [30]. Thus, surgeons are no exception to the same recommendations and should try to minimize unnecessary use.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13126-020-0571-6

•Carter B, Justin HS, Gulick D and Gamsby JJ (2021) The Molecule Clock and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Stressful Time. Front. Mol. Biosci. 8:644747. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.644747
This review summarizes the contributions of molecular clock dysfunction to neurodegenerative disease etiology, as well as the mechanisms by which neurodegenerative diseases affect the molecular clock. Circadian rhythm dysfunction occurs in both common and rare neurodegenerative diseases. Disruption of circadian rhythm homeostasis has also been implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, individuals exposed to a shifting schedule of sleep and activity, such as health care workers, are at a higher risk.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.644747/full

Photo by Robina Weermeijer on Unsplash

•ESC: Heart Health of Shift Workers Linked to Body Clock
Sophia Antipolis, April 16, 2021:
Working hours that deviate from an individual’s natural body clock are associated with greater cardiovascular risk, according to research presented at ESC Preventive Cardiology 2021, an online scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
“Our study found that for each hour the work schedule was out of sync with an employee’s body clock, the risk of heart disease got worse,” said study author Dr. Sara Gamboa Madeira of the University of Lisbon, Portugal.
https://www.cathlabdigest.com/content/esc-heart-health-shift-workers-linked-body-clock

•Published: 10 February 2021  Modenese, A.; Gobba, F. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Health Surveillance According to the European Directive 2013/35/EU. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041730
The authors remind us that In the European Union, health surveillance (HS) of electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposed workers is mandatory according to the Directive 2013/35/EU, aimed at the prevention of known direct biophysical effects and indirect EMF’s effects. One of the problems is the existence of workers at particular risk (WPR). These are subjects with specific conditions inducing an increased susceptibility to the EMF-related risk (e.g., workers with active medical devices or other conditions). The occupational exposure to EMF is a recognized and diffused occupational risk factor, potentially involving a very huge number of workers.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/1730

Telehealth

Lee DWH, Tong KW, Lai PBS. Telehealth practice in surgery: Ethical and medico-legal considerations. Surgical Practice. 2021 Feb;25(1):42-46. DOI: 10.1111/1744-1633.12479.
Excerpt: There was rapid growth of telehealth practice during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. In surgery, there were beneficial effects in terms of saving time and avoiding physical contact between healthcare professionals and patients when using telehealth in the delivery of perioperative care. As telehealth is gaining momentum, the evolving ethical and medico-legal challenges arising from this alternative mode of doctor-patient interaction cannot be underestimated.
Although telehealth offers benefits for patients in terms of saving time and costs and avoiding physical contact, significant limitations such as the absence of physical examination, possibility of transmission failure, and potential privacy and confidentiality breaches should be made known to patients. To this end, it is good practice to get informed consent from patients before the commencement of telehealth.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1744-1633.12479
Expert reports conclude that more research on mm waves is important
Health Council of the Netherlands: 
https://www.healthcouncil.nl/documents/advisory-reports/2020/09/02/5g-and-health
ANSES (France)
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/anses-5g-health-risks-around-3-5-ghz-unlikely-in-view-of-the-available-data-for-26-ghz-currently-insufficient-data/
Sweden
https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/2021-08
Swiss governmental report: 
https://newsd.admin.ch/newsd/message/attachments/59387.pdf…
Berenis (Swiss expert group on electromagnetic fields and non-ionising radiation)
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/full-report-published-related-to-berenis-newsletter-on-oxidative-stress-of-electromagnetic-fields-biological-effects-and-consequences-for-health/ 

The 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz 5G Bands

The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES):

26 GHz

For the 26 GHz frequency band, the data are not, at present, sufficient to conclude on the existence or not of health effects.
As knowledge of the links between exposure and health effects needs to be strengthened, ANSES stresses the need for further research, and in particular, to monitor changes in the exposure of populations as the number of antennas changes and the use of networks increases. On April 20, 2021, the Agency launched a public consultation in order to gather possible comments from the scientific community and interested stakeholders. The Agency’s experts recommend characterizing the exposures and deepening our knowledge of the links between exposure and biological or health effects for new frequencies, including experimental studies. Work on 5G has led to the identification of the need to take into account new points of attention (eg signal intermittence or surface layer exposure for the 26 GHz band). It will also be particularly important to monitor the evolution of exposure as the antenna base expands and the use of networks increases.
3.5 GHz

ANSES states that in regards to the deployment of 5G in the 3.5 GHz band: new health risks  are “unlikely”.
At the same time ANSES cautions that the 5G mobile telephone network in the frequency band around 3.5 GHz has only recently been commercially opened in France. The resulting exposure to electromagnetic fields today is not representative of what it will be in the future.
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/anses-5g-health-risks-around-3-5-ghz-unlikely-in-view-of-the-available-data-for-26-ghz-currently-insufficient-data/

EMFSA : in our opinion, far too little is known about 3.5 GHz to conclude that new health risks are “unlikely”. Examples:

•Modulation
-Although 3.5GHz has been used in the past, the way it is/will be used in 5G is new, due to the combination, additive and cumulative effects of the different pulse modulation types.
-Switzerland, Report Published by the working group on Mobile Radio and Radiation on behalf of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC):
Some of these experimental studies also found different effects as a function of modulation, which indicates that in addition to signal strength the signal form of the exposure could play a part. The extent to which the signal characteristic (e.g. modulation) plays a part has still not been adequately systematically evaluated.
https://www.newsd.admin.ch/newsd/message/attachments/59387.pdf

•Cellular Oxidative Balance
-The full report published related to the BERENIS (Swiss expert group) newsletter on
oxidative stress of electromagnetic fields:
https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/full-report-published-related-to-berenis-newsletter-on-oxidative-stress-of-electromagnetic-fields-biological-effects-and-consequences-for-health/
Schuermann, D.; Mevissen, M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress—Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073772
Graphical Abstract

Image credit: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3772

Excerpt: “A trend is emerging, which becomes clear even when taking these methodological weaknesses into account, i.e., that EMF exposure, even in the low dose range, may well lead to changes in cellular oxidative balance. Adverse conditions, such as diseases (diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases), compromise the body’s defense mechanisms, including antioxidant protection mechanisms, and individuals with such pre-existing conditions are more likely to experience health effects. The studies show that very young or old individuals can react less efficiently to oxidative stress, which of course also applies to other stressors that cause oxidative stress. Further investigations under standardized conditions are necessary to better understand and confirm these phenomena and observations.”

-ROS and Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolic activities. Oxidative stress refers to a condition where the levels of ROS significantly overwhelm the capacity of antioxidant defenses in a biological system, leading to potential damage in a biological system. Under physiological conditions, cellular ROS and antioxidants are in balance, thereby ensuring physiological homeostasis. It should be borne in mind that not any increases in ROS levels in a biological system are associated with injury.

Air pollutants, tobacco smoke, ionizing and nonionizing radiations, foods and drugs, as well as xenobiotics can all contribute to oxidative stress. Chemical agents like quinones, heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury, chromium, and cadmium; organic solvents; and pesticides are common exogenous sources of ROS.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31467634/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488923/

–Free Ebook  https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/224

•Combined EMF exposures, co-exposures, physical and chemical

–Mattsson M-O, Zeni O, Simkó M and Scarfì MR (2018) Editorial: Effects of Combined EMF Exposures and Co-exposures. Front. Public Health 6:230. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00230

The area is very much under-investigated, and the full impact and potential of EMF exposures for both possible adverse and beneficial effects cannot be realized without substantial additional research efforts.

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5730/effects-of-combined-emf-exposures-and-co-exposures

-“It is also desirable to investigate different health effects based on combinations of electromagnetic fields and other factors, both physical factors and chemical factors.”

https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/2021-08
•The thyroid

-Postulation that RF radiation is a causative factor for the increasing thyroid cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. The antenna was previously placed at the top of the phone but is usually now placed at the bottom in smartphones. This gives higher exposure of radiofrequency radiation to the thyroid gland, see figure. A smartphone can in addition have multiple antennas.

https://lennarthardellenglish.wordpress.com/2021/04/22/increasing-incidence-of-thyroid-cancer-in-the-nordic-countries-2/

-Genetic susceptibility may modify the association between cell phone use and thyroid cancer: A population-based case-control study in Connecticut

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935119308102

-The incidence time trends for thyroid cancer are increasing. There could be numerous different reasons for this. However, the newer mobile phone generations can potentially give relatively high radio wave exposure to the thyroid gland and therefore it is desirable to closely examine a possible causal relationship. So far, the research regarding this issue has been limited.

https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/2021-08

Millimeter Wave Studies of Interest

• 5G NR (new radio) base stations will focus actively on connected users

A user’s exposure from base stations will be dependent on the amount of data usage

 Velghe M, Aerts S, Martens L, Joseph W, Thielens A. Protocol for personal RF-EMF exposure measurement studies in 5th generation telecommunication networks. Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source. 2021 Apr;20(1):36. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00719-w

Abstract, Background:

The general population is exposed to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) used by telecommunication networks. Previous studies developed methods to assess this exposure. These methods will be inadequate to accurately assess exposure in 5G technologies or other wireless technologies using adaptive antennas. This is due to the fact that 5G NR (new radio) base stations will focus actively on connected users, resulting in a high spatio-temporal variations in the RF-EMFs. This increases the measurement uncertainty in personal measurements of RF-EMF exposure. Furthermore, a user’s exposure from base stations will be dependent on the amount of data usage, adding a new component to the auto-induced exposure, which is often omitted in current studies.
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-021-00719-w

•Some nonlethal weapons systems, at very high frequencies (NOT those used for 5G telecommunications systems), can cause high energy absorption in the eye.
Foster KR, Laakso I, Chalfin S. Nonuniform Exposure to the Cornea from Millimeter Waves. Health Phys. 2021 May 1;120(5):525-531. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001376. PMID: 33760769.
This study examines the nonuniform exposure to the cornea from incident millimeter waves at 94-100 GHz. According to the authors the mm-wave pulses presently considered far exceed current IEEE or ICNIRP exposure limits but may be produced by some nonlethal weapons systems. Interference effects due to wave reflections from structures in and near the eye result in highly localized variations in energy absorbed in the cornea and surrounding facial tissues and are important to consider in a hazard analysis for exposures to intense pulsed millimeter waves.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760769/

India, Australia, US, South Africa

•SIA India has also urged the DoT to reserve the 28 GHz exclusively for the satellite sector, in line with the International Telecommunications Union’s stand on the issue, while allocating 24.25 GHz-27.5 GHz for 5G services. https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/shared-use-of-28ghz-bandwidth-for-satcom-5g-will-impair-investments-sia-india/82100997

•Telstra rolls out 5G technology in Blackheath as part of new upgrades. Mike Marom, Regional General Manager for Telstra in NSW:

“There are more than one million 5G devices already connected to the Telstra network and thousands more 5G devices being added every week.” Mr Marom said they were continually expanding their 5G network across New South Wales and were adding up to 60 new Telstra 5G sites to the network every week.
https://www.lithgowmercury.com.au/story/7219005/blackheath-to-be-part-of-the-cutting-edge-technology-as-5g-rollout-begins/

•Australian carriers reveal how much they had paid in the recent 26 GHz spectrum auction.
Telstra will pay AU$277 million for 1000MHz of 26 GHz spectrum, while TPG will fork out over AU$108 million.
In December ACMA (The Australian Communications and Media Authority)  announced it had offered the first round of its new area-wide apparatus licences to communications providers for the millimetre-wave bands. Licences were handed out in the 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands to SpaceX Starlink, Telstra, Optus, Vocus, Nokia, NBN, Opticomm, MarchNet, Dreamtilt, Field Solutions Group, WorldVu (One Web), Inmarsat, Viasat, O3B/SES, and New Skies Satellites/SES.
https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstra-and-tpg-spend-hundreds-of-millions-on-mmwave-spectrum/

•Verizon “leads” all US carriers in mm Wave 5G availability at 0.8%.
Phones capable of using mmWave 5G access it less than 1% of the time. US mobile customers are almost never able to connect to millimeter-wave networks even though the cellular industry and Verizon in particular have spent years hyping the fastest form of 5G.
https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/04/verizon-leads-all-us-carriers-in-mmwave-5g-availability-at-0-8/

•The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved a SpaceX plan to deploy Starlink satellites at a lower earth orbit as part of the company’s push to offer space-based broadband internet service. The approval order addresses some concerns raised by Amazon.com’s (AMZN.O) Kuiper Systems satellite project. The FCC said SpaceX has agreed to accept interference from the Kuiper system “where operating SpaceX’s satellites at lower altitudes will potentially make SpaceX more susceptible to interference.”
https://www.reuters.com/technology/fcc-votes-approve-spacex-satellite-plan-official-2021-04-27/
US FCC and South African ICASA signs Memorandum of Understanding

Acting FCC Chairwoman Rosenworcel and Dr. Keabetswe Modimoeng, Chairperson of ICASA

https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/5g-us-fcc-and-south-african-icasa-signs-memorandum-of-understanding/
 

The Well Being of Children

Photo by Derek Thomson on Unsplash
•Langley B. Children’s Health in the Digital Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093240 

Conclusion, according to the author: This exploratory focused review of critical elements from the current literature shows quite unequivocally that the projection of increasingly excessive time spent online indoors [167] by increasingly younger children is likely to put their physical and psychological development and general health at risk, in both the short and long term. Early childhood myopia, disturbed circadian rhythms, sleep loss, depression, and ultimately, addiction and the deregulation of central control functions in the brain, initiated by lack of exposure to healthy outdoor light conditions, are the main risks identified here.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3240/htm
•V. Ulset et al: Environmental Light Exposure, Rest-Activity Rhythms, and Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity: An Observational Study of Australian Preschoolers. Summary. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21 February 2021.
 

Lead author of the study, Ulset:
“Several studies on both adults and children show that (outdoor) light triggers hormones in the brain that improve attention,” Studies show that light can trigger norepinephrine which, like medications prescribed for ADHD, can improve attention and concentration. Read the article at:
https://sciencenorway.no/children-childrens-health-kindergarten/children-who-spent-a-lot-of-time-in-daylight-were-calmer/1847926

•Time to regulate AI that interprets human emotions
During the pandemic, technology companies have been pitching their emotion-recognition software for monitoring workers and even children remotely.
“Countries around the world have regulations to enforce scientific rigour in developing medicines that treat the body. Tools that make claims about our minds should be afforded at least the same protection.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00868-5

•Perlman A, Hochhauser T, Winocur P, Friedman-Rubin P, Eli I. The effect of smartphones on daytime sleepiness, temporomandibular disorders, and bruxism among young adults. Quintessence Int. 2021 Apr 21;0(0):0. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b1244431. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33880912.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of smartphone use on daytime sleepiness, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and bruxism (sleep and awake) among young adults in Israel. The authors concluded that the adverse effects of smartphone use on daytime sleepiness, TMD, and bruxism are substantial. Their influence on public health and health care costs are causes of concern. Note, the Pubmed link is problematic and works intermittently.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33880912/

Robotics

Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash

•Biohybrid robotics: US Army Explores Equipping Robots with Living Muscle Tissue.
A scientist from the Army Research Lab gave a glimpse into its early work with biohybrid robotics. Looking to pave the way for the production of nimble robots that can move more like living creatures than bulky androids, Army Research Laboratory scientists are embarking on fresh, high-risk studies in biohybrid robotics that could eventually fuse organic tissue with machines.
https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/04/army-explores-equipping-robots-living-muscle-tissue/173559/

•JA, Noura HN, Salman O, Chehab A. Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations. International Journal of Information Security. 2021 Mar:1-44. DOI: 10.1007/s10207-021-00545-8.
Fig 1: Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations Image source https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10207-021-00545-8 

Extract: The recent digital revolution led robots to become integrated more than ever into different domains such as agricultural, medical, industrial, military, police (law enforcement), and logistics. Robots are devoted to serve, facilitate, and enhance the human life. However, many incidents have been occurring, leading to serious injuries and devastating impacts such as the unnecessary loss of human lives. Unintended accidents will always take place, but the ones caused by malicious attacks represent a very challenging issue. This includes maliciously hijacking and controlling robots and causing serious economic and financial losses. This paper reviews the main security vulnerabilities, threats, risks, and their impacts, and the main security attacks within the robotics domain.

•Tesla is becoming more of an artificial intelligence and robotic company, says Elon Musk
Musk now claims that artificial intelligence and robotics are going to be just as synonymous with Tesla as cars and energy.
https://electrek.co/2021/04/27/tesla-becoming-more-artificial-intelligence-robotic-company-elon-musk/

Ionizing Radiation

•Back in 1982, there was an incident at the Koeberg nuclear power plant in South Africa in which “an insider placed explosives directly on the steel pressure vessel head of a nuclear reactor and then detonated them.” The incident occurred prior to the plant becoming operational. There are also cases of rapid political radicalization that can wipe out the best of personnel reliability programs (PRPs) designed to address insider threats. Take the case of Ilyass Boughalab, a safety technician who had high level security clearance to the Doel nuclear power plant in Belgium. Read the article at

https://bit.ly/3gOm7Zq

•A new study explores the link between nuclear fallout from the 1950s and ’60s and U.S. honey.

Fallout from nuclear bomb tests in the 1950s and ’60s is showing up in U.S. honey, according to a new study. Although the levels of radioactivity aren’t dangerous, they may have been much higher in the 1970s and ’80s, researchers say.

“It’s really quite incredible,” says Daniel Richter, a soil scientist at Duke University not involved with the work. The study, he says, shows that the fallout “is still out there and disguising itself as a major nutrient.”
https://bit.ly/3eEoHOL

Havana Syndrome

Photo by Ethan Rheams on Unsplash
•Canadian diplomats say their government is withholding info on more ‘Havana Syndrome’ brain injury cases.
NBC News, April 29, 2021
By Josh Lederman WASHINGTON — A group of Canadian diplomats is accusing Canada’s government of withholding information about what the diplomats say are three new cases of brain injury resulting from “Havana Syndrome” that have been identified in the past two years.

In a letter obtained by NBC News, the diplomats said “at least three additional cases were identified in 2019 and 2020” of the mysterious illness that also affected U.S. personnel in Cuba. In its most recent public update about new cases, in January 2019, Canada’s government said “the last confirmed case of unusual health symptoms” had been in 2018.
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/canadian-diplomats-say-their-government-withholding-info-more-havana-syndrome-n1265702

•US investigating possible mysterious directed energy attack near White House

Washington (CNN) Federal agencies are investigating at least two possible incidents on US soil, including one near the White House in November of last year, that appear similar to mysterious, invisible attacks that have led to debilitating symptoms for dozens of US personnel abroad.

Multiple sources familiar with the matter tell CNN that while the Pentagon and other agencies probing the matter have reached no clear conclusions on what happened, the fact that such an attack might have taken place so close to the White House is particularly alarming.
https://tinyurl.com/6zzw2d2s
In Closing

Our free monthly webinars will resume in June, as the Lech family is expecting a new addition during May. We wish them well for this blessed event.
Thanks for taking the time to read our newsletter.
The EMFSA Team.

If you wish to support our work: https://www.emfsa.co.za/support-our-work/